Damp refers to excessive moisture in a building fabric or a specific area of a room. It can be caused by penetration, leaks, rising, and condensation. Dampness in the property can lead to the growth of mould and mildew, which can cause health problems. Damp in a building fabric can also cause musty smells, peeling paint, pest infestation and structural damage if left unresolved.

Condensation is the process by which water vapour in the air turns into liquid water when it comes into contact with a cool surface. This can happen in beading droplets on a cold window, for example. It is a frequent problem in indoor spaces with poor ventilation or high humidity levels.

Mould, on the other hand, is a type of fungus that grows in damp and warm environments, such as bathrooms and kitchens, as well as around damp walls, ceilings and floors. It can cause black or greenish discolourations to appear on surfaces and the growth of musty odours. Mould can be a health hazard for people who have allergies, asthma or weakened immune systems. It is usually a result of prolonged exposure to high levels of moisture, such as from condensation, leaks, or water damage.

In summary, mould is a type of fungi that grows on organic matter, while dampness refers to excessive moisture in a building. Dampness and condensation can lead to the growth of mould, making it important to address both issues promptly to avoid health problems and property damage.

Rising damp is the movement of groundwater upwards through porous materials such as bricks, mortar, and concrete in buildings, causing moisture to rise through walls, floors or other structures. It is usually caused by the lack or failure of a damp-proof course, which is a physical barrier used to prevent moisture from rising from the ground into the building. The presence of rising damp can lead to structural damage, decay, and the growth of mould and mildew.

Penetrating damp is a type of dampness that occurs when water penetrates through the walls, roof, or any other external surface of a building, and enters the internal structure. This type of dampness is usually caused by a variety of reasons, including leaky roofs, gutters, or downpipes, poorly maintained pointing or brickwork, cracked or damaged rendering, and more. It often causes damp patches, staining, and musty smells on walls and ceilings, and if left untreated, it can lead to structural damage, mould growth, and other health hazards.

Condensation: When warm, moist air encounters cooler surfaces such as windows, walls, or ceilings it can cause condensation which can lead to dampness.

Poor ventilation: Inadequate airflow (ventilation) can cause moisture vapour to accumulate in the home and lead to dampness.

Structural problems: Leaking roofs, cracked walls, and damaged guttering can all allow water to enter the home and cause dampness and possible structural issues.

Rising damp: This occurs when moisture from the ground rises up through the walls and floors of a building.

Plumbing problems: Leaking pipes or damaged plumbing can cause moisture to accumulate and lead to dampness.

Lifestyle habits: Activities such as drying clothes indoors, cooking without proper ventilation, and taking long hot baths or showers can also contribute to dampness in homes.

Health concerns: Dampness can cause respiratory problems, allergies, and other health issues. Moulds, mildew and bacteria thrive in damp environments and can cause respiratory infections, asthma and skin irritation.

Property damage: Dampness can cause damage to the structure of the property, such as rotting of the timbers in the roof space or corrosion of the brickwork. Dampness can also cause plaster and paint to peel, wallpaper to warp, and ceilings to bulge and collapse.

Aesthetic issues: Dampness can cause unsightly stains, marks or patches on walls, ceilings and floors. This can reduce the aesthetic appeal of a property and also reduce its market value.

Unpleasant odours: Dampness can cause musty, mouldy odours that can be difficult to eliminate. These odours can be unpleasant and unhealthy for occupants.

Increased energy bills: A damp home feels colder and damper, and therefore requires more energy to heat. This can lead to higher energy bills and cause condensation.

Pest infestations: Damp environments attract pests such as cockroaches and silverfish, which can cause further damage to the property.

Any issues in your property must be looked at and resolved by an independent damp surveyor. However, here are a few common things you can do to help control condensation/mould in the property:

Keep humidity levels low: use a dehumidifier, air conditioning or ventilation to control moisture in your home.

Fix any leaks: immediate attention should be given to any leaks or water damage in your house.

Increase airflow: Open windows regularly and use extractor fans when cooking or showering.

Use mould-resistant materials: when remodelling, use mould-resistant paint, drywall, and insulation.

Clean regularly: clean surfaces regularly with an anti-mould cleaner.

Monitor indoor plants: overwatering indoor plants can contribute to excess moisture in the air.

Dispose of mouldy items: discard any items that are severely damaged by mould.

Ensure proper ventilation: ensure there is proper ventilation in your bathroom, kitchen, and utility room.

Monitor basement and attic areas: these areas are often prone to dampness and mould growth.

Instruct an independent survey: if you suspect mould/dampness in your home, it’s best to contact an independent damp surveyor for assessment and remediation advice.